Grendel’s Mother. Suggestions. Read Beowulf here, with side-by-side No Fear translations into modern English. Rising action Grendel’s attack on Heorot, Beowulf’s defeat of Grendel, and Grendel’s mother’s vengeful killing of Aeschere lead to the climactic encounter between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother. Several offshoots came about because of that experiment and one, which earned the code name. Throughout the novel, the monster Grendel often seems as human as the people he observes. 99/month or $24. 99/month or $24. The dragon is cut altogether. Yet he also says that Beowulf followed his destiny, and won the gold as was his fate. Ansley and Mrs. Two middle-aged women, Mrs. Through success in battle he has become rich and mighty. The dragon mocks Grendel, claiming to know his thoughts—in fact, to know everything that ever has happened or will happen. He then presents Beowulf’s men with rewards and compensates the Geats with gold for the Geatish warrior that Grendel killed. He notes that the weak humans observe the rituals, while the strong ones ignore them. The thief steals a gem-covered goblet, arousing the wrath of the dragon. In Grendel, he is a lonely creature who seeks an understanding of the seemingly meaningless world around him. Yon battle-king, said he, far o’er the swan-road he fain would seek, the noble monarch who needed men!Summary. Imitating an epic, heroic style, Grendel tells of how Hrothgar’s brother was murdered and so his young nephew Hrothulf came to live at Hart. The play begins in the oncology unit at the university. Grendel’s mother is evil, not because she seeks sorrowful revenge but because she is a creature of hell who hungers for death. Analysis. Prelude of the Founder of the Danish House. A summary of Part X (Section11) in John Gardner's Grendel. As a symbol of his power and prosperity he builds a magnificent mead-hall, called Heorot, in which he and his loyal warriors can feast, drink, boast, and listen to the tales of the scops, the Anglo-Saxon bards. 99/month or $24. He recalls once having destroyed the images of the gods. Gorter and Grendel's membrane theory (1920) Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a lipid bi-layer. I. 4. Grendel is a deep thinker and a sensitive feeler, and he describes his state of adult existential anxiety with self-deprecating humor, poetry, and, at times, a violent rage that befits one of mythology’s most dreadful monsters. Grendel’s Mother Character Analysis. When the Geats first arrive, Grendel remarks on his first impression of Beowulf. The change is noticeable in the shape of the text on the page: beginning in. Next section Beowulf. While Grendel's psychology is not explored in detail in Beowulf, there is a sense. Inhales smoke. He tells of the creation of the world by a good God, whose goodness is challenged by a second god who divides the world into good and evil. 1. At the house of the Shaper, people come and go, solemn faced, treading softly, their heads bowed and their hands folded for fear of sending dreadful apparitions through his dreams. Chapter 6. 1973. He lives in Geatland, a realm not far from Denmark, in what is now southern Sweden. I shake my two hairy fists at the sky and I let out a howl so unspeakable that the water at my feet turns sudden ice and even I myself am left uneasy. I listened, felt myself swept up. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Poem Summary. . Grendel is a fearsome monster who lives underground in a cave with his mother. In Beowulf’s bloody battle against Grendel, the first part of the story reaches its climax. Point of view Grendel narrates in the first person, conveying his inner thoughts and observations; occasionally he narrates from the point of view of another character. The Danish King offers a reward for the death of the creature, attracting to Herot the brave Geat warrior Beowulf (Ray Winstone) that seeks for glory. Unferth's behavior goes against the code of hospitality. When two hunters from different bands came together in the woods, they would fight until the snow was slushy with blood, then crawl back, gasping and crying, to their separate camps to tell wild tales of what happened. Grendel’s mother, like her son, is a mysterious humanoid creature. Back in his cave, Grendel was convinced that the Shaper’s songs about the creation of the world and the feud between two ancient brothers were lies. Do you want to know more about the characters in John Gardner's novel Grendel, a retelling of the Beowulf epic from the monster's perspective? In this webpage, you will find detailed analysis of Grendel, his mother, the dragon, and other important figures in the story. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Get the entire Beowulf LitChart as a printable PDF. 733-5). 1984 Brave New World Don Quixote The Handmaid's Tale Things Fall Apart Menu. Grendel and his mother’s dead bodies. The ethical code of ancient Scandinavian society valued strong warrior-kings who could protect their people from outside threats (primarily, other warrior-kings and their armies). SparkNotes SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Perfect for acing essays, tests,. The humans’ religion is another example of their systems of theories and beliefs. Hrothgar tries to attribute the boy’s malaise to the trauma of losing his father, but he also suspects that. Page 26. He bestows upon him weapons, armor, treasure, and eight of his finest horses. The watchman guides Beowulf and his men from the coast to the mead-hall, Heorot, where he takes his leave. If the ideas of art were beautiful, that was art’s fault, not the Shaper’s. A man-eating monster descended from the Biblical Cain. The hero is valiant, strong, noble, and mighty, a legend in his own time and loyal to his leader Hygelac. From the top of the cliff overlooking Hrothgar’s realm, he screamed loudly. A light appears, and Beowulf looks around, his sword held high in readiness. Grendel opens in the spring of Grendel’s final year of life and ends with his death in the winter of the same year. Mendez-Egle, Beatrice , ed. Years later, Beowulf deals with a dragon who is devastating his kingdom and dies while he and his thane, Wiglaf, are slaying the dragon. Summary: Chapter 12. I know only that it had a strange effect on me: it no longer filled me with doubt and distress, loneliness, shame. He was called Wiglaf, son of Weohstan, A valued shied-warrior, and man of the Scylfings, A kinsman of Aelfhere. Beowulf does appear to be the fulfillment of the Scyldings’ prayers for a Destroyer to come and rid them of Grendel. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. Important quotes from Chapter 7 in Grendel. Previous section Lines 1008–1250 Quick Quiz Next section. Huge and exceedingly strong, Beowulf is cold and mechanical, showing little emotion or. She enters the poem as an “avenger” (l. In Grendel, heroism, beauty, patriotism, and political eloquence ultimately provide little solace in a violent, chaotic world. The humans tried to attack him bravely, but their weapons were useless against the dragon’s charm. Search all of SparkNotes Search. Knowing that Grendel comes to Heorot to find victims, Beowulf and his warriors stay at Heorot. Late that night, a group bursts into the dorm and tells the initiates to get dressed and meet at the train tracks. An essay connecting Grendel with Chaucer's The Nun's Priest's Tale. She caused him pain in the same way that the Shaper’s songs once did. Beowulf receives praise for his victory from all the men. Chapter 10. He kills and eats one of the men, but he finds his next intended victim, the stranger, is only pretending to sleep. Book recommendations, author interviews, editors' picks, and more. The poet chooses to relate much of this struggle from Grendel’s. This stylistically and thematically postmodern novel is an example of a metafiction—fiction about fiction. Grendel’s mother lives with Grendel in a cave in a vast underground realm. Analysis. 99/month or $24. Chapter 1. Tone Grendel attempts to maintain a satirical, mocking distance throughout the novel, but often finds himself slipping into an impassioned. A summary of Chapter 4 in John Gardner's Grendel. Book by Gardner John SparkNotes [EAN: 9781586638184], Gebraucht,. From the creators of SparkNotes. And the fact that Grendel remembers his face from a forgotten dream hints that Grendel may know. 2 of 5. Through success in battle he has become rich and mighty. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. A Geatish hero who comes across the sea to rid the Scyldings of Grendel. Grendel sees the priests’ rituals as mere showmanship. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. Grendel knows it is because spring has come and the ram is now fueled by lust. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. Grendel Chapter 8. John Gardner, in addition to being the author of Grendel, was a critic who, in his controversial work of criticism On Moral Fiction (1978), took the position of a traditionalist arguing against the meaning and language games of his. Wit Summary. Rumors of witchcraft spread through the town and a crowd gathers. Summary. When he was eleven years old, who did John Gardner accidentally kill? His father. 1586638181. I understood that the world was nothing: a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears. After killing Grendel, Beowulf goes. The allusion to the curse of Cain foreshadows the charm of the dragon and the Christian imagery that surrounds Beowulf. He was the mightiest man of valor in that same day of this our life, stalwart and stately. S. But the ram stays; the season is upon us. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Her "hall" is inaccessible to society. His brother. (line 52) 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE OPTIONS. Grendel sees the companionship of another as something higher (at least at the moment) than some abstract set of principles by which to live his life. This stylistically and thematically postmodern novel is an example of a metafiction—fiction about fiction. The dragon claims that time is like a black hole, eventually destroying everything in the universe. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Yet he, the old Shaper, might make it true, by the sweetness of his harp, his. I hurl a skull-size stone at him. Beowulf’s victory is also foreshadowed by his rhetorical defeat of Unferth in the mead-hall, and by the story of his defeat of the sea. Later, the symbol of the corpse is echoed in the. Grendel is described as a "walker in darkness," who is "wearing God's anger" and "lacking in joy" because he has inherited the curse the Biblical Cain received as a result of his murder of his brother Abel. It begins in the palace of the Duchess, a young widow and the ruler of the Italian town of Amalfi. Hrothulf sees the injustice and poverty, and he hates knowing there is such a large divide between the rich class and the lower class. 4 out of 5 stars. 99/year as selected above. In his youth, he personifies all of the best values of the heroic culture. Grendel’s mother, like her son, is a mysterious humanoid creature. 649 Words3 Pages. Sing, Unburied, Sing is the first novel Ward wrote after becoming a mother herself. The play opens with Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, preparing to perform her morning prayer. This is more than an awkward moment for the hosts. His people give him a glorious funeral, but they have been left unprotected, and they foresee “enemies on the rampage, bodies in piles, / slavery and abasement” (ll. After defeating the monster, Grendel’s mother attacks the hall, causing Beowulf and his band of warriors to hunt her down; he ultimately kills her in her lake lair. When the Geats first arrive, Grendel remarks on his first impression of Beowulf. Warriors viewed the grisly guest. Grendel was fascinated by the woman. . S. If the ideas of art were beautiful, that was art’s fault, not the Shaper’s. In one of the poem’s most mournful moments, the narrator describes “some forgotten person” burying the collective riches of his entire, equally forgotten race. 440 But Higlac' followes r remembered his final Boast and, standing erect, stopped The monster's flight fastene, d those claws In his fists till they cracked, clutched Grendel Closer. Shakespeare No Fear Shakespeare Translations. Character Analysis Grendel's Mother. The monster Grendel has been attacking the Danish king Hrothgar and his mead-hall, Hart, for twelve years. A herald named Wulfgar, who is renowned for his wisdom, stops Beowulf and asks him to state his business with Hrothgar. Beowulf sails to Denmark to help Hrothgar and his people in their battle with the. Grendel, a large bearlike monster, has spent the last twelve years locked in a war against a band of humans. It was a cold-blooded lie that a god had lovingly made the world and set out the sun and moon as lights to land-dwellers, that brothers had fought, that one of the races was saved, the other cursed. Grendel, a large bearlike monster, has spent the last twelve years locked in a war against a band of humans. Chapter 3. Character Analysis Unferth. For how many years does Grendel’s battle with the humans last? 2 . Beyond the mead-hall, the world is cold and dark, getting darker the further you go from the hall. With this description, the author introduces Grendel as he rages at the ram standing on. The Anglo-Saxon story of Beowulf told in 3 short animated episodes for KS2 pupils. Suggestions. A study guide to the popular novel offers a plot summary, a review quiz, and an examaination of important quotations, along with analysis of the key themes, motifs, characters, and symbols in the work. 99/year as selected above. 3-17. The thought of Wealtheow causes Grendel to recount an. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. Amidst the general veneration of treasure, though, come some discordant notes. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Grendel. Having spent his life working in the. Analysis. 99/year as selected above. Their people suffered “slavery and abasement” (l. Throughout Grendel, the Shaper and his beautiful though fictional systems are presented as an alternative to the cynical, fatalistic outlook of the dragon. Instead, Grendel remains poised on the edge of the cliff—an image forever unresolved. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. He’ll slay Grendel or die trying. Chapter 4 Analysis. When Grendel first hears the Shaper’s song, he is so overcome that he bursts into tears and momentarily loses the ability to speak. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Behind my back, at the world’s end, my pale slightly glowing fat mother sleeps on, old, sick at heart, in our dingy underground room. S. Hinton that was first published in 1967. Rather than being full of fire and bloodlust, the dragon has cold eyes that imply that he feels weary from all his knowledge of the true state of the world. A Tale of Two Cities Death of a Salesman Of Mice and Men The Kite Runner The Outsiders Menu. Take a quiz about the important details and events in Chapter 11 of Grendel. Midway through the course of his life, Dante wakes up in a dark forest, having lost his way from the right road. Moved Permanently. BEOWULF spake, bairn of Ecgtheow: “Sorrow not, sage! It beseems us better friends to avenge than fruitlessly mourn them. Writer and artist Matt Wagner is returning to the origins of his best-loved creation, the masked assassin Grendel. Crucially, Grendel is never clearly. Discover the Summary and Analysis of Grendel by John Gardner with bartleby's free Literature Guides. ”. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Hrothgar rewards Beowulf with the bond of kinship as well as with treasure. Grendel is described as a "walker in darkness," who is "wearing God's anger" and "lacking in joy" because he has inherited the curse the Biblical Cain… read analysis of Grendel. All three monsters emerge from darkness, inflicting fear and suffering on the poem’s human characters. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of “Maid” by Stephanie Land. See full list on sparknotes. A kenning is a particular kind of metaphor, in. Important quotes from Chapter 8 in Grendel. Section Three: The Battle between Grendel and Beowulf. John Champlin Gardner was born in Batavia, New York, on July 21, 1933, to John Champlin, a dairy farmer and lay Presbyterian preacher, and Priscilla Gardner, an English teacher. A summary of Part X (Section7) in John Gardner's Grendel. Debbie Park Mrs. 99/month or $24. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with. com you can find used, antique and new books, compare results and immediately purchase your selection at the best price. A wicked queen of legend who punishes anyone who looks at her the wrong way. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. When Beowulf hears tales of the destruction wrought by Grendel, he decides to travel to the land of the Danes and help Hrothgar defeat the demon. Under welkin he walked, till the wine-palace. By this time, Hrothgar and Wealtheow have two sons of their own. Read a summary of the battle with Grendel in Beowulf. No one in the kingdom is convinced that the gods have life in them. He builds a great mead-hall, called Heorot, where his warriors can gather to drink, receive gifts from their lord, and listen to stories sung by the scops, or bards. 3154-5). . Again the Beowulf poet reminds us that she is a descendant of Cain; but there is something very human about her motivation, which John Gardner explores compassionately in his novel Grendel (1971). When Anna is found dead in a ravine—shot in the back of the head—shortly after another Osage man, Charles. Beowulf is speaking these words as he nears the end of his life, after he has defeated the fiery dragon who guarded an ancient hoard of treasure. She is a lady I have watched with the greatest admiration. Grendel cries out that this is unfair, since he has never killed a deer (since cows have more meat). Grendel was published in 1971. 99/year as selected above. "The Eumenides Summary. Unferth armed and ready to compete with Beowulf to see who slays Grendel’s mother first. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. 1973. The next night Grendel repeats his raid. Best summary. Full Book Summary. While the Shaper sings to celebrate the boy's arrival, Grendel spots more sinister intentions in the new arrival. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Take a quiz about the important details and events in Chapter 8 of Grendel. Full Book Summary. Grendel, an outsider who spurns society, and Beowulf, an outsider who joins the Danes in fellowship, battle. Grendel then acknowledges that he does not see himself as being better than any of these creatures. In Denmark 507 A. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the SparkNotes Beowulf Study Guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests, and essays. Search all of SparkNotes Search. John Gardner. 99/month or $24. The idea that violence and shame would make Hrothgar calm seems contradictory. Beowulf has to swim for "part of a day" before he reaches lake bottom. Summary. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. His mother’s evil is more ambiguous, because killing for vengeance was allowed in the warrior culture of Beowulf’s time. Its status as a symbolic object is renewed when we learn that Hygelac died in battle wearing it, furthering the ideas of kinship and continuity. The boredom is more than he can take. I feel my anger coming back, building up like invisible fire, and at last, when my soul can no longer resist, I go up—as mechanical as anything else—fists clenched against my lack of will, my belly growling, mindless as wind, for blood. 4. The dragon is the poem’s most potent symbol, embodying the idea of wyrd, or fate, that imbues the story with an atmosphere of doom and death. Then we will move to know the Spark History. 99/year as selected above. Jay Rudd, "Gardner's Grendel and Beowulf: Humanizing the Monster," in THOTH, Spring/Fall, 1974, pp. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. 3 of 5. Beauty!First, he fights Grendel when he attacks the hall of Heorot. In his glory, he hangs Grendel’s claw off the ceiling. It was their confidence, maybe—their blissful, swinish ignorance, their bumptious self-satisfaction, and worst of all, their hope . Since the charge is first-degree murder, the accused will be. Yet I was swept up. Quotes related to Communication within Grendel. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. He will not budge. #2,045,568 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books. Near the end of the poem the poet reveals that, because of an ancient spell, Beowulf would have been condemned to. His name might be related to the old Norse grindill, meaning "storm," or grenja, "to bel-low. I stamp. Grendel. 99/year as selected above. In Never Caught, historian Erica Armstrong Dunbar tells the story of Ona Maria Judge Staines, who was born into slavery at George and Martha Washington’s Mount Vernon plantation. Such is His mystery: that beauty requires contrast, and. Beowulf seizes the huge sword and swings it in a powerful arc. Terrible evils lurk in the outer darknesses. Beowulf (/ ˈ b eɪ ə w ʊ l f /; Old English: Bēowulf [ˈbeːowuɫf]) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. Grendel's Mother's "hall" is an underwater cave, again emphasizing her outcast status. Twelve jurors are present to debate the fate of a young boy accused of his father’s murder. After first visiting the humans, Grendel asks ___ why Grendel cannot have someone to talk to. Active Themes. Grendel fled from the meadhall crying, feeling ridiculous and pained by the Shaper’s poetry. Grendel is based on the sixth-century Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf, a work in which Grendel is a grotesque, violent monster who terrorizes a small community of Danish warriors. Grendel’s grandfather. She was doomed to dwell in the dreary waters, cold sea-courses, since Cain cut down with edge of the sword his only brother, his father’s offspring: outlawed he fled, marked with murder, from men’s delights warded the wilds. John Gardner: True Art, Moral Art. A wicked queen of legend who punishes anyone who looks at her the wrong way. Ona escaped to freedom in 1796, absconding from Philadelphia to New Hampshire. Its status as a symbolic object is renewed when we learn that Hygelac died in battle wearing it, furthering the ideas of kinship and continuity. Four chooses small, fast trainees like Tris, Christina, and Will, while Eric chooses the bigger. The humans tried to attack him bravely, but their weapons were useless against the dragon’s charm. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Yet he, the old Shaper, might make it true, by the sweetness of his harp, his. The poet is introducing the last hero of the poem, the young warrior who is the only one of Beowulf’s men to come to his lord’s aid against the dragon. Scyld Shefing, the founder of the dynasty, becomes King of the Danes not through wealth (for he comes from an impoverished family) but through his ability to sack the enemies. After that, the Danes abandon Heorot to Grendel after nightfall. This is more than an awkward moment for the hosts. Take a quiz about the important details and events in Chapter 10 of Grendel. The livelong time after that grim fight, Grendel’s mother, monster of women, mourned her woe. He will not budge. When Grendel grabs a vine to reassure himself, what does the vine turn out to be? A spear. A furious dragon seeking revenge for treasure stolen from him. 4. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. You are, so to speak, the brute existent by which they learn to define themselves. 99/year as selected above. After establishing the novel’s linear plotline in Chapter 1 —namely, the twelve-year battle between Grendel and the Danes—Chapter 2 takes us an unspecified number of years into the past to tell the story of Grendel’s first exposure to the human world. Chapter 5. 24-5). The king of the Danes (Scyldings) is a wise and great man, but he has lost some of his strength with age. 99/year as selected above. The watchman guides Beowulf and his men from the coast to the mead-hall, Heorot, where he takes his leave. Every night, Grendel attacks King Hrothgar's wealthy mead-hall, Heorot, killing Danish warriors and sometimes even eating them. The Shaper’s song has led to a religious philosophy among the Scyldings. Explanation of the famous quotes in Grendel, including all important speeches, comments, quotations, and monologues. Grendel was, in fact, the first and only Gardner volume to receive near-unanimous critical acclaim, though three of his novels— The Sunlight Dialogues (1972), Nickel Mountain,. Beowulf. Hometown Loyalty. Never Caught Summary. Spark Notes: Grendel (Sparknotes Literature Guides): Amazon. Chapter 10. Grendel 's fierce cries and the sounds of their epic struggle wake the warriors. Beowulf Summary and Analysis of Lines 1-193. Beowulf is obsessed with these spaces, the borders between civilization and wilderness. Other things are falling apart, too: the Shaper is sick. Learn about interpretations of the character of Grendel from Beowulf and understand the meaning of the battle. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. , People in the fields reported seeing two monsters, and one was a and more. 1355), and their hoards of. Chapter 7 Summary. Beowulf makes good on his boast that he will fight Grendel single-handed. A summary of Chapter 1 in John Gardner's Grendel. However, after years of being attacked by Grendel with no way of stopping him, Hrothgar seems resigned to. . Violence and shame have lined the old man’s face with mysterious calm. Hrothgar was skeptical, but then the king brought out a beautiful woman, his sister, and offered her in marriage to Hrothgar. ”. 24-5). What keeps climbing up the cliff, even after Grendel kills it with stones? 18 . Grendel kills it again and again, feeling under threat “by. The main action of Grendel takes place in the last year of that war, but the novel skips back in time in order to illuminate the origins of the conflict as well as Grendel’s personal history. He builds a great mead-hall, called Heorot, where his warriors can gather to drink, receive gifts from their lord, and listen to stories sung by the scops, or bards. In this regard, Wiglaf appears as a reflection of the young Beowulf. " -Graham S. Grendel enters the hall, shattering the heavy door with a light touch. What boast or promise does Beowulf make to Wealhtheow, the Queen? He says he loves her and will kill Grendel in her honor. Enjoying being out under the open night sky, Grendel walks to some nearby cliffs. Hrothgar prepares us to view the dragon in this. Its plot and characters come from the 6th-century Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf. The snakelike face indicates from the beginning that Beowulf is someone that Grendel should fear. Grendel cannot escape, and a vicious match ensues, ending when Beowulf rips Grendel's arm from its shoulder socket. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. 99/month or $24. Important quotes from Chapter 11 in Grendel. Chapter 1. Chapter 1. A summary of Chapter 11 in John Gardner's Grendel. Important quotes from Chapter 7 in Grendel. A foul, wretched being, and Grendel’s only apparent family member. Fortunately, a young warrior named Beowulf shows up. The revolutionary leaders spoke with the confidence of people who knew they would have significant historical legacies, but at the same time they had no idea if their experiment would succeed. 99/month or $24. Beowulf is structured primarily around three main battles with great foes. 3 of 5.